In recent years, the face of cybercrime has changed radically. It is no longer just a matter of isolated hackers breaking into computer systems, but rather a global industry of fraud and extortion. It is organised and territorially rooted, and involves hundreds of thousands of people. The case of the ‘scam factories’ in Southeast Asia, particularly in Cambodia, Myanmar and China, is the clearest example of this transformation. Moreover, cybercrime is increasingly intertwined with the geopolitical objectives of countries such as the People’s Republic of China and Russia. Analysts must adapt their data collection tools accordingly.

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